인간의 기본공동체는 가정으로 서로 아낌없이 내어줌으로서 생명이 태어나고 양육되어 첫 인간관계가 이루어진다. 그러나 가정에서의 관습과 가족원의 성격은 유전처럼 전해져 원 가족의 문제가 확대가족으로 이어지는 악순환이 계속되면서 부부갈등, 가정해체로 이어진다. 이러한 가정의 갈등과 해체가정에 대하여 한국 실정에 맞는 가족치료 기법을 제시해 보고자 이 연구를 하였다. 가족의 문제와 상처를 치료하기 위하여 가족치료 이론과 기법이 탄생되었는데 가족치료의 개념으로는 Freud의 정신분석훈련, Wynne의 가상 상호성 과 가상 적대성, 인공두뇌학(Cybernetics), 이중구속(Double bind), 순환적 인과관계, 부부균열(Marital Schism)과 부부왜곡(Marital Skew)이 있으며, 가족치료의 유형으로는 일반체계이론(General Systems Theory), 정신 역동적 가족치료(Psychodynamic Family Therapy), Bowen의 가족치료, 경험적 가족치료(Experiential Family Therapy), 인지 행동주의적 가족치료(Cognitive Behavioral Family), 구조적 가족치료(Structural Family Therapy), 전략적 가족치료(Strategic Family Therapy), 해결 중심적 가족치료(Solution-Focused Family Therapy), 이야기 치료(Narrative Therapy) 등이 있다. 가족치료는 1950년대 가족연구에서 가족치료로 성장하고, 60년대엔 전문영역으로, 70년대에 혁신적 기술의 개발, 80년대엔 성장과 전문화성숙, 90년대 이후에는 결합과 통합으로 발전하였다. 한국에서는 1970년에 가족치료 이론이 보급되어 80년대에 임상적인 사용이 있었으며, 1988년 한국가족치료학회가 창설되어 활동 중에 있다. 해체가족의 가장 큰 원인문제라 할 수 있는 이혼현황을 살펴보면 1997년부터 2007년까지 총 이혼건수는 141만 8백건(쌍)이며, 동기간 이혼가정의 미성년 자녀는 155만 4천 4백 명으로 심각한 가정의 위기와 문제가 있음을 알 수 있다. 외국인과의 이혼은 2002년부터 2007년까지 총 26,816건으로 매년 증가를 계속하여 2007년 총 이혼의7.1%를 점하고 있어 문화의 충돌로 인한 가정과 사회의 심각한 문제로 대두되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 가족치료에 대한 선행연구로는 심리적 체계 측면으로 연구한 독립성, 자존감, 우울증에 대한 상담이 있었으며, 제도적 측면으로는 치매노인의 부양경감에 대한 연구 등이 있었고, 종교적 측면의 선행연구는 2003년부터 2007년까지의 한국의 가족치료 관계 연구논문 139건 중 63건으로 45%를 점하고 있어 가정의 역량강화와 기능회복을 위한 활발한 연구가 있었다. 가족치료 기법의 이해에 대하여 심리적 접근으로 대부분의 학자들이 심리학의 체계이론으로 가족에 대하여 접근하고 있음을 보았으며, 제도적 접근으로 건강가족지원법, 한 부모가족지원법에 대하여 살펴보았다. 종교적 접근으로는 크리스천의 가정관과 종교법인의 가족상담소 현황, 두란노 아버지 학교를 살펴보았는데 1995년부터 지금까지 14만 명의 한국의 아버지들에게 사랑의 용기를 불어넣어 가정의 역량을 강화시킨 좋은 사례로 보였으며, ME운동은 부부 일치 회복을 위한 프로그램으로 많은 가정의 기능회복을 위하여 기여하였음을 느낄 수 있었다. 대안적 방식의 사례로 소개한 포콜라레 운동은 1943년 이탈리아의 트렌토 시에서 끼아라 루빅으로부터 시작되었고, 전 세계 550만명이 참여하고 한국에도 5500명 정도가 참여하면서 예수님의 새 계명인 '서로 사랑 하여라'를 구체적이고, 지속적이며, 집중적으로 실천하는 사랑실천 운동으로서, 이 운동에 참여 이후, 가정의 갈등이 해소되고, 상대방의 문제를 나의 문제로 보고, 개인의 습관이 개선되고, 가정에서 사랑하는 횟수와 시간이 증가하고, 사랑이 구체적이며, 부부간 가족 간의 대화가 증가하고, 이웃을 사랑하고, 사회봉사 기여가 늘어나는 등 구체적으로 사랑이 커지고 있다. 이와 같이 종교적 측면에서의 가족지지는 위기의 가정에 활력을 넣어주는 중요한 대안적 측면이라 여겨진다. 가족치료기법 비교연구로는 심리적 측면에서 한국 연구자가 가장 선호하는 가족치료 기법으로 ‘Murray Bowen의 가족치료(Bowen Family Therapy)’와 ‘Virginia Satir의 경험적 가족치료(Experiential Family Therapy)’기법을 상세하게 소개하였으며, 제도적 측면에서는 건강가족지원센터와 이혼숙려제도를 살펴보았다. 종교적 접근으로는 종교법인의 건강가정지원센터 운영, 두란노 아버지 학교, Marriage Encounter(ME운동), 포콜라레 운동 가정생활을 비교하였는데 종교적 측면에서 긍정적인 면이 많았다. 가족해체의 주된 요인은 부부의 갈등이며, 이러한 갈등은 사랑의 결핍에서 시작된다. 가정의 갈등을 해소하기 위해서는 가정에 사랑이 깃들게 해야 한다. 가정에 사랑이 깃들게 하는 법은 “내가 너희를 사랑한 것처럼 너희도 사랑 하여라” 가족들을 자기 목숨처럼 사랑하는 것, 이 사랑 안에 모든 답이 있다고 연구자는 생각한다.
Our basic human community or the family is formed first, while family members care for each other and new life is born and brought up. However, since the intra-family custom and family members' personality tend to be inherited, the problems of the original family would be likely to be inherited by its expanded families, creating a vicious cycle leading to various marital conflicts or disintegration of families. In order to solve such family problems and treat the affected families, diverse theories about and techniques for family therapy have been suggested. The concepts related to family therapy are Freud's psycho-analytical training, Wynne's virtual reciprocity and hostility, cybernetics, double bind, cyclical casualty, marital schism and skew, while the types of family therapy are general systems theory, psychodynamic family therapy, Bowen's family therapy, experiential family therapy, cognitive-behavioral family therapy, structural family therapy, strategic family therapy, solution-focused family therapy, narrative therapy, etc. Family therapies evolved from family researches in 1950's, and it developed into a special discipline in 1960's and an innovative technology in 1970's. They would focus on growth and specialized maturity in 1980's and intra-family solidarity and integration beginning from 1990's. In Korea, the family therapy theories began to spread in 1970's and they would be applied clinically in 1980's. In particular, Korea Family Therapy Society was established in 1988 and since then, the society has been actively engaged in family therapies. Upon reviewing the divorces or the most serious problem facing disintegrated families, it has been found that for the period from 1997 to 2007, 1,410.8 thousand couples had divorced, and that for the same period, 155.44 thousand children had suffered from their parents' divorces. For the period from 2002 to 2007, divorces between Koreans and foreigners amounted to 26,816 cases. Such cases of divorces had increased every year, accounting for 7.1% of the total divorces in 2007, which suggests that such divorces evolve into a serious social issue for families and our society. Preceding studies on family therapy focused on such aspects of the psychological system as independence, self-esteem and depression or such aspects of the system as relief of family burden for old-aged dementia patients and benefits of family therapy services. For the period from 2003 to 2007, the researches focused on religious aspects accounted for 45% (n=63) of 139 dissertations about family therapies in Korea. Namely, empowerment of families and recovery of their functions have been actively researched into so far. In terms of family therapy methods, most researchers seem to have approached the family problems from the perspective of the psychological system theory or in view of such systems as Healthy Family Support Law, Broken Family Support Law, Healthy Family Support Center and Divorce Deliberation System. On the other hand, the researcher reviewed religious approaches to family problems, namely Christian view of family, conditions of the family counselling services provided for by religious corporations and operation of Duranno Father School. Since 1995, these institutions have encouraged about 140 thousand fathers to empower their families. ME campaign has operated a couple conformity program, conducing much to functional recovery of a great many families. Focolare movement introduced as an alternative in this study was started by Chiara Lubich in Trento, Italy in 1943. So far, 5.5 million people throughout the world including some 5,500 Korean people have participated in this movement, practicing Jesus Christ's new testament 'Love each other' in specific, sustained and intensive ways. As a result of surveying 123 people who had participated in this movement, while living their family life, it was found that they could, through their participation in this movement, resolve their intra-family conflicts by empathizing into their spouses' problems, improve their undesirable habits, increase frequency and time of marital sex affairs, show honest affection to their spouses, increase dialogue with their spouses, love the neighbors, and serve the society more. However, since the survey was conducted after their participation in Focolare movement to urge them to answer the questionnaire by comparing the current situation with their former situation before their participation in the movement, validity of their answers might be doubted. Anyway, such religious family support seems to be an important alternative to revitalize the families in crisis. This study discussed in details such family therapy techniques preferred most by nation's researchers as Murray Bowen' family therapy and Virginia Satir's experiential family therapy. Core of Bowen's theory focuses on a family therapy of relieving the family members of anxiety and enhancing their self-differentiation, while Satir's theory emphasizes the family therapy for self-esteem. This study reviewed each 17 dissertations about Bowen's and Satir's technique, and among them, 11 dissertations used religious approaches to family problems. Other many studies were found to have used some religious approaches to family therapy. Based on the above discussions, the researcher suggested some specific alternatives about family therapy for family members, family communities, religious social service groups, government and its systems. First of all, each individual should make efforts to be an essential being for his/her spouse by overcoming the custom of his/her family inherited from its original family, while family members should continue to make efforts to empower their family community as the most close and essential one for them. And the couples are obliged to keep their promise made at the wedding ceremony: "We will love each other, keeping our fidelity whenever we are happy or painful and healthy or ill. The religious groups are obliged to practice with mercy and love the universal brotherhood 'Do as others wish,' and thereby, distribute and develop their social service programs designed to engage themselves in the families in crisis and empower them to preserve their roles and functions, while increasing the opportunities for not only their members but also the general public to train themselves. Central government and local autonomous administrations are requested to be more concerned about above psychological, institutional and religious training to help the healthy families keep their state and support the broken families, as specified by Healthy Family Support Law and Broken Family Support Law. In addition, considering the considerable effects of the religious engagement in family problems and therapy, the central government and local autonomous administrations need to develop some universal programs for creating an environment for happy families and healthy society, sponsor various family-related events, construct the training facilities for promotion of healthy families and support the training programs, and additionally, rearrange various systems for maintenance of the families or the basic units of our society and functional recovery of disintegrated families, and invite the professionals to Healthy Family Policy Committee. Through this study, the researcher felt that the major cause for disintegration of families was the marital conflict, which started from lack of love. Therefore, in order to resolve intra-family conflicts, it is necessary to make love harbored in the families. The researcher feels that the key to a family full of love is the Word "You should love others as I love you".
박인혜상담사
